Creating a Virtual Training Environment for Traffic Accident Investigation for the Dubai Police Force
A. BinSubaih, "Creating a Virtual Training Environment for Traffic Accident Investigation for the Dubai Police Force", PhD, 2007. (Supervisor: Dr Steve Maddock; second supervisor: Dr Daniela Romano). [pdf (author's copy)]
PhD Abstract: This research investigates the use of gaming technology (especially game engines) in developing virtual training
environments, and comprises of two main parts. The first part of the thesis investigates the creation of an
architecture that allows a virtual training environment (i.e. a 'game') to be portable between different game
engines. The second part of the thesis examines the learning effectiveness of a virtual training environment
developed for traffic accident investigators in the Dubai police force. The second part also serves to evaluate the
scalability of the architecture created in the first part of the thesis.
Current game development addresses different aspects of portability, such as porting assets and using
middleware for physics. However, the game itself is not so easily portable. The first part of this thesis addresses
this by making the three elements that represent the game's brain portable. These are the game logic, the object
model, and the game state, which are collectively referred to in this thesis as the game factor, or G-factor.
This separation is achieved by using an architecture called game space architecture (GSA), which combines a
variant of the model-view-controller (MVC) pattern to separate the G-factor (the model) from the game engine
(the view) with on-the-fly scripting to enable communication through an adapter (the controller). This enables
multiple views (i.e. game engines) to exist for the same model (i.e. G-factor). The principal findings from the
evaluation process reveal that GSA is capable of servicing the same G-factor to multiple game engines and that
it supports modifiability. They also reveal that GSA adds little development overhead. The ability of GSA to
scale to real world applications is demonstrated by the development of a virtual training environment.
The second part of the thesis examines the development of a virtual training environment for traffic accident
investigators in the Dubai police force. Their training needs were identified in a field study conducted in the
summer of 2004 to assess the current training methods of lectures and on-the-job training. The virtual
environment was then developed by combining game design and instructional design to ensure the learning
objectives were integral to the gameplay. To evaluate the learning effectiveness of the virtual environment an
experiment was conducted in February and March of 2006 for fifty-six police officers from the Dubai police
force. They were divided into two groups: novices (0 to 2 years experience) and experienced investigators (with
more than 2 years experience). The experiment revealed significant performance improvements in both groups,
with the improvement reported in novices significantly higher than the one reported in experienced
investigators.
Publications
-
BinSubaih, A., S. Maddock, D. Romano (2009), "Serious Games for the Police: Opportunities and Challenges", Special Reports & Studies Series at the Research & Studies Center (Dubai Police Academy), 2009 (Accompanied by an award of 3000AED from the Research and Studies Center (RSC) in Dubai Police Academy.)
-
BinSubaih, A., S.Maddock, D.M.Romano (2008), "Developing a Serious Game for Police Training", Chapter XXVI in 'Handbook of Research on Effective Electronic Gaming in Education' (Editor: Richard E. Ferdig, University of Florida, USA), Information Science Reference, July 2008 [pdf (first few pages), pdf (author's copy)]
-
BinSubaih, A. and S. Maddock (2008), "Game Portability Using a Service-Oriented Approach", International Journal of Computer Games Technology, Volume 2008 (2008), Article ID 378485, 7 pages [pdf, pdf (author's copy)]
-
BinSubaih, A. and S. Maddock (2007), "G-factor Portability in Game Development Using Game Engines", The Third International Conference on Games Research and Development 2007 (CyberGames 2007), 10-11 September 2007, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. [pdf]
-
A.BinSubaih, S.C.Maddock and D.M.Romano (2007), "A Survey of 'Game' Portability" Department of Computer Science Research Memorandum CS-07-05, University of Sheffield [ResMem, pdf]
- BinSubaih, A., S. Maddock, D.Romano (2006), A Serious Game for Traffic Accident Investigators",
International Journal of Interactive Technology & Smart Education, Special Issue on "Computer Game-based Learning", Vol 3, No. 4, November 2006, pp. 329-346. [pdf]
-
A. BinSubaih, S.C. Maddock (2006), "Using ATAM to Evaluate a Game-based Architecture", Workshop on Architecture-Centric Evolution (ACE 2006), Hosted at the 20th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming ECOOP 2006, July 3-7, 2006, Nantes, France. [pdf, pdf]
-
A. BinSubaih, S.C. Maddock, D. Romano (2006). "An Architecture for Portable Serious Games". Doctoral Symposium, hosted at the 20th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming ECOOP 2006, July 3-7, 2006, Nantes, France [pdf, pdf]
-
A. BinSubaih, S. Maddock, D. M. Romano (2005). Tabletop vs CVE Police Training (Poster). PRESENCE 2005, The 8th Annual International Workshop on Presence
-
Bin Subaih, A., S.C.Maddock, D.Romano (2005), "Game Logic Portability", Proc. ACE 2005 (ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, 15th - 17th June 2005, Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), Spain), pp.458-461 [pdf]
-
Bin Subaih, A., S.C.Maddock, D.Romano (2005), "Comparing the use of a 'tabletop' and a collaborative virtual environment for training police officers to deal with traffic accidents: A case study", Proc. ICEE 2005 (International conference on engineering education, July 25-29, 2005, Gliwice, Poland), Volume 2, pp.94-100 [pdf]
-
Bin Subaih, A., S.C.Maddock, D.Romano (2005), "ONTRAT: An Ontology-based Rules Acquisition Tool", Proc. m-ICTE 2005 (Third international conference on multimedia information & communication technologies in education, June 7-10, 2005, Cáceres, Spain), Volume 3, pp.978-983 [pdf]
-
Bin Subaih, A., S.C.Maddock, D.Romano (2004), "An Architecture For Domain-Independent Collaborative Virtual Environments", Proc. GAME-ON 2004 (5th annual European GAME-ON Conference, Nov 25-27, Het Pand, Ghent, Belgium), pp.84-88. [pdf]
-
Bin Subaih, A., S.C.Maddock, D.Romano (2004), "A Domain-Independent Multiplayer Architecture for Training", Proc. GDTW 2004 (Second annual international workshop in Computer Game Design and Technology, 15-16 Nov, Liverpool John Moores University), pp.144-151. [pdf]
- Bin Subaih, A., S.C.Maddock, D.Romano (2004), "A collaborative Virtual Training Architecture for Investigating the Aftermath of Vehicle Accidents", Proc MESM'04 (Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan) September 14-16, 2004. [pdf]